Ian Wilmut's team at the Roslin Institute in Scotland announced the creation of Dolly, the first animal cloned from mature bodily tissue, in early 1997. Researchers achieved this by implanting an udder cell into a sheep egg that had been emptied of its original nucleus.
Dolly represented the only successful birth out of 277 rewound udder cells used in the experiment. The Human Genome Project had been running since 1990 to map the approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA contained in the human genome.
Craig Venter's private company, Celera Genomics, developed a faster method to sequence DNA during this period. Wu Suk Hwang made a fraudulent claim in 2004 regarding the first cloned human embryos.
Jean-Michel Dubernard led a surgical team in France that performed the first face transplant. By 2025, the American College of Surgeons reported that 54 face transplants had been performed globally.
Isabelle Dinoire died of cancer in 2016 at the age of 49. It took five years of research to produce the first lab-grown burger, which initially cost £250,000.
Austrian nutrition scientist Hanni Rützler sampled the first lab-grown burger and described the experience as "intense".
